Images courtesy of Planet D
EVOLUTION
TRANSFORMS THE GALAPAGOS
ISLANDS
By ARMAND RODRIGUES
So you think that because
you have been to the National Parks or wildlife habitats in places like Africa,
Madagascar, Australia, Indonesia,
India or Brazil, you have seen it all. Think again.
In all these, animals are as afraid of humans as humans are of them.
In stark contrast, the Galapagos Islands have spawned amazing creatures that
show no fear of man, and getting within touching distance of each other, comes
with the territory.
Since the archipelago
belongs to ECUADOR,
it is fitting to use it as a launching pad en route. Ecuador is one of the most
bio-diverse countries in the world. It
is the only place on earth where the Equator crosses high peaks – the Andes. Indians
were the original inhabitants and could to trace their ancestry back 8,000 to
3,500 B.C.
Choco and Tumbesian in Ecuador are the
world’s only two endemic (found nowhere else on earth) bird sanctuaries. Roses, like bananas, are a vital export from Ecuador.
It is a relief to find that the American dollar is the local currency and that
the money hassles elsewhere in South America,
are obviated. Anybody that knows
headgear knows that the world-famous Panama Hat originated in Ecuador. The country has a large percentage of the
world’s land vertebrates (mammals, birds, bats, reptiles), fish species and
plants. Canada helped build a new
airport in Quito, is involved in oil exploration in its Amazon basin, and can
be proud of the organ in the La Compania de Jesus church in Quito.
Landing in QUITO, one soon realizes
that it could deliver four seasons in a day. It is the second highest capital
in the world (after La Paz in Bolivia). At an altitude of 2800 metres above sea
level, the gods may bestow initiation rites of nausea, headaches and shortness
of breath, on some lowland visitors.
After a couple of shots of “chicha” or “canelazo”, Pacha Mama (God) is
appeased. The city is only 22 km south of the Equator or “Mitad del Mundo”
(half of the world). From La Plaza de la
Independencia in its main square, historical churches, palaces, monasteries,
museums, restaurants, are easy to explore.
For a birds-eye-view of the city and surrounding peaks and valleys, a
ride on the TeleferiQo (cable car) lofts one up the side of Pichincha volcano,
for a spectacular view.
Ninety kilometres from Quito, along the
undulating and picturesque countryside, is OTAVALO. On the way, is Calderon, a
village noted for its artistic bread-dough creations. Otavalo itself is the largest indigenous open
market in Ecuador.
The locals wear colourful traditional attire.
The sights and smells of fruit, vegetables, spices, roast pig or
chicken, permeate the air. The stalls are replete with handmade tapestry, rugs,
bags, leather goods, embroidered goods, local artwork, and other knock-offs,
which induce impulse buying, after an expected haggling session. Cotapaxi, the highest volcano in the world,
is within striking distance. The San
Pablo crater lake in the foothills of the Imbabura
volcano is nearby and worth a visit. I
would be remiss if I did not mention that eating at 300-year old Hacienda
(Estate) Pinasaqui, and at El Crater – the only hotel in the world on the rim
of a volcanic crater --- are memorable experiences.
A thousand kilometres from
the mainland, in the vast expanse of the Pacific, lies the GALAPAGOS
archipelago. These scattered volcanic
islands, within a 45,000 sq.km. Marine Reserve, are between 4 and 10 million
years old and straddle the Equator. They constitute a vibrant crucible of life
unmatched anywhere else in the world. In
the genesis of this most-volcanic milieu on earth, each island has its pre-historic
character, where eruptions below the crust are constant. Somewhat alarming is the fact that the
islands are moving an inch or two towards the south-east, every year. Cut-off from the rest of the world, with
inter-island isolation and no natural predators, wildlife has morphed into
abnormal sizes and become utterly fearless and unique. All islands have both English and Spanish
names.
In 1535, the Bishop of
Panama, Fray Tomas de Berlanger, drifted off course from Panama to Peru, and “discovered” the islands,
purely by accident. Previously,
buccaneers, pirates, sealers and whalers used the islands as a casual base. The
islands provided them sheltered anchorage, firewood and fresh food. Thousands
of giant tortoises were caught and stacked alive on their ships, for a year or
more, and used as a source of fresh meat.
As Charles Darwin discovered in 1835, the islands are a living museum
and laboratory of evolution. His thesis on “The origin of Species” is profound.
Bipeds and quadrupeds are
part of the 1900 species of endemic flora and fauna found here, with a
preponderance of some on particular islands. Fur seals, sea lions, iguanas and Sally
Lightfoot crabs seem to be everywhere.
Penguins, albatrosses, petrels, pelicans, boobies, frigate birds, gulls,
herons, egrets, flamingoes, ducks, oyster-catchers, stilts and flightless
cormorants, are resident sea birds. Migrant birds include sandpipers, plovers,
tattlers, and Franklin
gulls. Resident land birds are hawks,
rails, doves, owls, mockingbirds, warblers and a variety of finches. A
diversity of whales and dolphins visit the islands, while fish of every
description are perennial residents.
Reptiles include giant tortoises (up to 600 lbs), sea turtles,
cold-blooded marine iguanas and lava lizards. At night, one can spot sharks and
other marine creatures circling the ship moored well offshore. 90-year old “Lonesome George” was the only
surviving tortoise of his species but has since died. Of course, there are no guarantees of what you
may see on any given landing. Plants,
lava rocks and boulders are about the only immovable objects. Over the years, a
few humans have found domicile on a couple of islands. As has happened elsewhere in the world,
introduced animals like goats, dogs, cats and rats, became feral and caused
havoc on some islands. The park
authorities enlisted the help of New Zealand helicopter “cowboys” to
cull goats in particular. A collared billy, with horns painted, became the
“Judas” goat that led the hunters to the flocks and helped cleanse the islands.
Small, self-contained
cruise vessels --- 100 passengers or less – are the preferred means of island
hopping. Zodiacs (called Pangas) take
you from ship to shore. Without docks, a wet or dry landing becomes necessary,
in eight visitor sites in five days. In
a wet landing, one steps out of a Zodiac sideways, into the water when the
crashing tide is receding and wades ashore.
A dry landing entails clambering up uneven lava boulders while keeping
one’s equilibrium. The whole experience is aptly called an expedition. You soon find yourself in a pristine and
irregular volcanic terrain, with a mandatory Naturalist/chaperone keeping you
in line on a narrowly defined path. Rain can turn some paths into a slip-sliding,
bog, which cakes one’s footwear in gooey mud.
Walking and walking and walking, comes with the territory.
Bartolome island is an
exception when it comes to being above ground. It has a steep boardwalk with
1300 steps leading to the top of a cone. The oppressive heat and rarified air
at the top only acerbate fatigue. But
the reward is the breathtaking views in all directions, with Pinnacle Rock
taking pride of place. For the more adventurous, snorkelling (equipment
provided) is an option, while landlubbers can keep dry in a glass-bottomed
boat. On Santa Cruz island, two deep pit
craters called “Los Gemelos”, are a must-see sight. So also are the lava tunnels.
A degree of fitness and
endurance are essential to cope. Also,
with no restrooms around, bladder control is crucial. Other than water,
participants are not allowed to carry any food or fruit, or to smoke. Once committed to a particular hike, turning
back is not an option. Conservation measures are strictly enforced. Plastic bags and water bottles have to be
taken back to the mainland for disposal.
Shoes and feet are hosed down on return from an island. Practising the
highest levels of environmental stewardship is an indispensable prerequisite.
This is an incomparable
expedition that gets etched in one’s memory.
Copyright @ arodrigues
